Argumentative Essays: Counterarguments, Concession and Qualified Claims — Answers
Answer sheet with model answers and success criteria for the 12th Grade persuasive writing worksheet.
Argumentative Essays: Counterarguments, Concession and Qualified Claims — Answers
Part A: The language of engagement
Answer each question.
- counterargument
- rebuttal
- concession
- qualification
- straw man
- steelmanning
- A view that opposes the writer's contention.
- Limiting a claim so that it is accurate rather than absolute.
- Misrepresenting an opposing view as weaker than it is, so it is easy to knock down.
- Presenting the opposing view in its strongest, fairest form before answering it.
- Admitting that part of the opposing view is true or reasonable.
- Showing that an opposing argument is wrong, weak or incomplete.
Answer: counterargument → A view that opposes the writer's contention.; rebuttal → Showing that an opposing argument is wrong, weak or incomplete.; concession → Admitting that part of the opposing view is true or reasonable.; qualification → Limiting a claim so that it is accurate rather than absolute.; straw man → Misrepresenting an opposing view as weaker than it is, so it is easy to knock down.; steelmanning → Presenting the opposing view in its strongest, fairest form before answering it.
- ASentences 1 and 2
- BSentences 3 and 4
- CSentences 5 and 6
- DSentence 6 only
Answer: Sentences 1 and 2
Sentence 1 admits critics are right that collections are expensive; sentence 2 admits some free museums have struggled.
- Ainsulting the critics
- Bchallenging an assumption behind the argument
- Cchanging the topic
- Drepeating the contention
Answer: challenging an assumption behind the argument
It shows that the objection assumes ticket sales are the main income, which is not the case.
- AFree entry is therefore not a luxury
- Ba condition of their public purpose
- Cprovided that governments commit to stable funding
- Drather than leaving institutions
Answer: provided that governments commit to stable funding
Provided that sets a condition, limiting the claim and making it more defensible.
- AFees help fund the care of fragile collections.
- BSupporters of fees simply want to keep poor people out of museums.
- CFees can reduce overcrowding at popular exhibitions.
- DSome visitors value what they pay for.
Answer: Supporters of fees simply want to keep poor people out of museums.
It falsely attributes a bad motive instead of engaging with the real reasons people give.
Part B: Practice
Answer in full sentences.
Answer: It shows the writer has considered other views and is fair-minded, which builds credibility. It also answers the reader's own doubts before they can take hold, and a contention that survives the strongest objections appears more convincing.
Answer: Model: "Supporters of abolishing homework point to research suggesting that, for younger students especially, the academic benefits are small, while the costs to sleep, family time and wellbeing can be significant. On this view, learning is better protected by making class time more effective than by extending the school day into the evening."
Answer: Model: "Heavy social media use is associated with poorer mental health in some teenagers, particularly when it displaces sleep or involves constant comparison with others."
Answer: Model: "Although electric cars are still expensive to buy, they are cheaper to run over their lifetime." Also accept admittedly, granted, while, even so.
Answer: Any four: may, might, often, tends to, in many cases, arguably, suggests, is likely to, to some extent, generally, in most circumstances, provided that.
Answer: Weaknesses: the opposing view is vague (some people, good) and the rebuttal is a bare assertion with no reasons. Model rewrite: "Supporters of uniforms argue that they reduce visible differences in family income; however, the cost of compulsory uniform items can itself place pressure on low-income families."
Answer: Conceding admits that a limited part of the opposing view is valid while showing it does not outweigh your main argument. Abandoning the contention would mean accepting the opposing view overall. A good concession is followed by a turn (however, even so) that returns to the writer's position.
Part C: Your turn
Model answer: Opponents of replacing exams with project work argue that exams are the fairest way to assess students, because every candidate answers the same questions under the same conditions, without help from parents, tutors or the internet. This concern deserves to be taken seriously: project work can be harder to verify, and students with more support at home may gain an advantage. Admittedly, exams also reward the ability to recall knowledge quickly, which remains valuable in many fields. However, the claim that exams are inherently fair assumes that identical conditions produce equal opportunities, when in reality anxiety, illness or a single bad day can distort a result that may shape a student's future. Exams also measure a narrow band of skills, largely memory and speed, while neglecting the research, collaboration and sustained thinking that universities and workplaces increasingly demand. The risk of unfair help with projects is real, but it can be reduced through supervised drafting sessions, short oral presentations of the work and teacher verification at key stages. Therefore, while exams may retain a limited role, project work, carefully designed and monitored, offers a more complete and arguably fairer picture of what students can do.
Success criteria:
- Presents the opposing view fairly and in its strongest form
- Includes at least one genuine concession
- Rebuts by challenging an assumption or offering stronger reasoning or evidence
- Uses concessive connectives and hedging language precisely
- Ends with a qualified claim that returns to the writer's contention
- Formal, fluent and logically sequenced paragraph
Marking tips
- Give credit for correct method even when the final answer slips — the working shows where the thinking went right.
- For open-ended tasks, use the success criteria as a checklist rather than looking for one "right" answer.
- Celebrate what went well first, then pick one thing to work on next.